EXTRATERRESTRIAL MAPPING. ANALYSES AND PERSPECTIVES
K.B. Shingareva1, E.V. Cherepanova2, I.P. Karachevtseva3
1 -
2 - AEROCOSMOS, GIS,
3 - The Institute of Informatics Problems of Russian Academy of
Sciences (IPI RAN)
lena_cherepanova@list.ru
It is possible to substantiate three periods in cartography
of extraterrestrial territories, namely pre-space, modern and the newest one.
Pre-space period (XVI - the middle of XX century) includes drawing up of maps
on the base of ground observations (visual, visual and photographic telescopic,
in various spectral bands). In the modern period (60-s' - the beginning of
90-s' years of XX century) three main directions could be named. One of them is
represented by the maps created as a result of the analysis, generalization and
specification of the data about the bodies of the Solar system received by
principal observatories of the world. Another direction is closely connected
with the development of the radar-location methods. It has allowed to carry out
corresponding observations of Mercury and Venus. In parallel with this work
from the end of 60-s' years a third direction began, namely drawing up of maps
on data of the space surveying executed by flyby bodies, at flight (even with
return to the Earth), and finally, from an orbit of the artificial satellite
and from a surface of a body after soft landing to its surface. Images of
photographic, phototelevision and television surveying were transferred to the
Earth where they were processed with methods of analytical photogrammetry,
demanded updating in connection with surveying conditions and opportunities.
The newest period (90th years of XX century - the beginning of XXI century) is
remarkable for increasing potential opportunities of mapping due to development
of computer technologies, digital mapping, three-dimensional surface modeling,
Internet, and also the progress of space techniques and intensity of flights.
After remarkable recession connected with the end of the Apollo program the
beginning of XXI century a lot of space exploration projects (flights to Mars,
Permanent Base on the Moon, etc.) have been officially announced. It is
simultaneously a period of extraterrestrial geography evolution. Remote sensing
data play crucial role in extraterrestrial territories mapping issues. Methods
developed for processing of Earth images and Earth mapping have been
successfully adapted to extraterrestrial territories researches, but tremendous
data flow and specific characteristics of bodies require new approaches to
information processing. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the present
map materials, including data systematization on particular parameters and
separate bodies, some conclusions and
development perspectives were formulated. The extraterrestrial mapping problems
first of all face the corresponding commissions and working groups of such
international organizations, as ISPRS and