LOCALIZING THE GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE
H.I. Hargitai1, Sz. Berczi1, B. Kereszturi1, E. Illes2
1 - Eotvos Lorand University, Dept. of Physical geography,
Budapest, Hungary
2 - Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
H-1525 Budapest
hargitai@emc.elte.hu
The
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature maintained by USGS Astrogeology Research
Program includes all geographic names given by the IAU WGPS. The
system uses Latin descriptor terms and multilingual specifics. Although the
system is considered to be neutral and international, it necessarily follows
the orthography and transcription/transliteration rules of English. Its main
characteristic is that binominal names are written separately and with an
initial capital letter. These names are considered to be “official”, but in
fact, no such status exist on other planets, neither linguistically nor
politically. This also leads to the fact that most names are neither exonimes
or endonimes. (The exceptions are names given by astronauts of geologists “in
the field”).
Using these
names as part of a not-English text, several problems arise. In the case of
languages that use a non-latin alphabet, the first question is whether to
maintain the original latin forms or transliterate/transcribe it to the target
alphabet. The second question is about the translation of descriptor terms, as
it is a common practice for terrestrial geographic names; and the last one is
about the translation of the specific part, or rather, finding the local
version for the same specific, going back to the source: for Copernicus
(person), or the Carpathians (mountain), we can find a local version of these
names.
The
simplest decision is to maintain the original Latin version: in this case we
would consider this binominal name as the only possible form. This fits the
needs of the scientific community using English, but conflicts traditions,
orthography etc. in the case of other languages. In Hungarian, geographic names
are written using hyphen and lowercase descriptor term: Atlanti-óceán.
Another
decision would be to keep the specific part unchanged and translate the
descriptor term. In this case we consider the specific part a kind of „label”
(with indifferent meaning). Some languages are more equal than others (see
Danube Planum [Io]). The meaning of such names are transparent for the English
readers, but are opaqe (unknown) for the others. Latin descriptors are also
opaq in most languages (except for Neolatin languages).
Such
questions arose when an international cartographic project, lead by
Eötvös University, Hungary, has started to produce multilingual
planetary maps. Our current work now is to localize the planetary nomenclature
(especially descriptor terms) for Hungarian. We try to disseminate our system
by using it in all our Hungarian language publications (maps, professional and
public outreach publications).