Comparing In-Car Route Guidance Information between Map Sketch and Verbal Note Techniques by Gender and Type of Color Vision
ISBN 978-85-88783-11-9
Authors
1Rego, M.; 2Pugliesi, E.; 3Ramos, A.P.; 4Tachibana, V.
1UNESP Email: mari_rego@yahoo.com.br
2UNESP Email: edmur.pugliesi@gmail.com
3UNESP Email: marques.engcart@gmail.com
4UNESP Email: vilma@fct.unesp.br
Abstract
Driving is one of the most demanding cognitive activities for drivers, especially when they are navigating in unfamiliar areas. To reduce drivers’ cognitive demanding and facilitate mobility, Car Navigation Systems (CNS) provide a number of information related to the drivers’ need according to driving tasks. One of the ways to understand what kind of information drivers use consists of investigating cognitive maps. According to researches, drivers require a number of route guidance information when they are following a route, such as ‘urban elements’ (ex.: intersection, edge, roundabout), reference scheme (egocentric or local-egocentric) and street name. Investigation of cognitive maps is one of the ways used to support cartographic design of CNS. This work compares route guidance information between map sketch and verbal note techniques in function of gender for normal color vision (NCV) people and type of color vision for males. Two groups of drivers participated in this experiment: 26 NCV (13 males and 13 females) and 17 color vision deficient (CVD) drivers (15 males and 2 females). All of them were regular drivers and had good knowledge of Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Both group constructed map sketches and verbal notes of routes for a driver unfamiliar with the area, by considering a origin and destination. Data were extracted and analyzed in function of gender for NCV and type of color vision for males. Taking into account gender difference for NCV, the data frequency in map sketch was intersection (M=12; F=10), roundabout (M=11; F=10), edge (M=2; F=5), egocentric direction (M=11; F=10), local-egocentric direction (M=9; F=5) and street name (M=13; F=11). In verbal note, the data frequency was intersection (M=11; F=8), roundabout (M=9; F=10), edge (M=2; F=5), egocentric direction (M=12; F=12), local-egocentric direction (M=8; F=7) and street name (M=13; F=12). Taking into account color vision difference, the data frequency in map sketch was street name (NCV=13; CVD=13), intersection (NCV=11; CVD=14), roundabout (NCV=11; CVD=11), edge (NCV=2; CVD=5), egocentric direction (NCV=11; CVD=11) and local-egocentric direction (NCV=9; CVD=7). In verbal note, the data frequency was: street name (NCV=13; CVD=14), intersection (NCV=11; CVD=11), roundabout (NCV=7; CVD=8), edge (NCV=2; CVD=4), egocentric direction (NCV=12; CVD=14) and local-egocentric direction (NCV=8; CVD=8). The confidence level of 95% was defined. Correspondence analysis was used to verify possible differences between map sketch and verbal note for NCV and for CVD drivers. Considering all kind of route guidance information cited above, the results from Chi-square test indicated that both techniques did not present significant difference for groups having different types of color vision. However, a quick glance on the raw data showed that map sketch presented a little more information than verbal note. Taking into account male and female NCV drivers, Fisher's exact test showed that both techniques expressed the same proportion of route guidance information. Considering different techniques, the raw data allowed understand that men used intersection and local-egocentric direction information more often than women do. Taking into account different types of color vision for males, Fisher's exact test confirmed there was no significant difference in the use of route guidance information by NCV and CVD, when using both techniques. Nonetheless, NCV seems to use more local-egocentric direction in verbal notes than CVD, and people deficient in color vision used more intersections in this same technique. We conclude that map sketch and verbal do not present significant difference for externalizing intersection, edge, roundabout, egocentric or local-egocentric reference scheme and street name. However, map sketch seeming to be more sensitive in the expression of cognitive maps.
Keywords
Car Navigation System; Cognitive map; Group difference